Hodgson later investigated and reported on several materialization mediums. His lengthy 1885 report describing the phenomena and his conclusion that they were produced by various fraudulent methods did much to discredit the society and call fellow researchers to be more skeptical when examining mediums. Blavatsky (1831–1891), one of the founders of the Theosophical Society. Among the earliest investigations was that of Richard Hodgson (1855–1905), who traveled to India to investigate the unusual claims being produced by Helena P. In an attempt to understand the phenomenon, a mysterious substance called ectoplasm was posited as the material from which the ghostly figures were produced.Īfter the foundation of the Society for Psychical Research in England and its American equivalent in the 1880s, researchers quickly found their way to various mediums who claimed to be the instrument around which materializations of various kinds occurred. As visible manifestations began to occur, it was felt that tying the medium would prevent any hoaxing. His or her hands and feet would be tied to the chair, and the door closed. Over time, these vague items became full-fledged human figures.Īs séances evolved, the medium would often be placed in a special cabinet. However, as early as 1860, people began to report that during the séances they began to see things, such as luminous streaks of light, the face of a loved one, hands otherwise disconnected from a body, shadowy forms. The messages were generally communicated as a small group of people gathered in a darkened room where the medium would enter a trance state-at meetings called séances. These messages were offered as demonstrations that individual life after death was a reality. Materialization (religion, spiritualism, and occult)Īs Spiritualism spread in the late nineteenth century, it was built around the messages received from the spirit world through mediums.
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